Stater, Panticapaeum 55-54 (year 243), AV 20 mm, 8.11 g. Diademed bust r. Rev. BAΣIΛEΩΣ / BAΣIΛE-ΩN / MEΓAΛOY / ΦAPNAKOY Apollo seated l., holding laurel branch over tripod, his l. elbow resting on kithara; in r. field, ΓΜΣ. Macdonald, An introduction to the history and coinage of the kingdom of the Bosporus: including the coinage of Panticapeum (with "Apollonia" and "Myrmecium"), Phanagoria, Gorgippia, Sindicus Limen or the Sindoi, Nymphaeum, Theodosia, and the kings of the Cimmerian Empire, 182. Golenko, P. J. Karyszkowski, The gold coinage of King Pharnaces of the Bosporus, NC 1972, 1. Anokhin 216. SNG von Auclok –. de Luynes 2396 (these dies). SNG Copenhagen –. HGC 7, 198 (this coin illustrated). Extremely rare, apparently only four specimens known of the first issue. Struck on a very broad flan, minor marks, otherwise good extremely fine Ex Triton XII, 2009, 266 and Heritage 3061, 2018, 32038 sales. From the Buzz Owen collection. Graded Ch AU Strike 5/5 Surface 3/5, edge filing, NCG certificate number 4241949-002 (previously graded and no longer in holder) As Rome sought to tighten its authority over the lands it had inherited in 133 B.C. from the last Pergamene king, Attallus III, and even to expand its reach, there were a few formidable kings and numerous petty rulers who had to be reckoned with. Chief among them was the Pontic King Mithradates VI (120-63), who caused so much devastation to Romans, their property, and their political interests for such a prolonged period that his infamy equalled that of Hannibal. Finally, in 63 B.C. options for Mithradates VI had expired, and the king who with such pride had throughout his life immunised himself against poisons committed suicide by consuming a lethal dose of poison, which seemingly was followed up with a sword thrust. This courageous and resourceful king seems to have been pushed to the brink by the betrayal of his son Pharnaces II, who in exchange for this act had been assured the throne of the Cimmerian Bosporus. His new allies, the Romans, declared him and his subjects 'friends and allies of the Roman people' (amicorum et socium populi Romani). Though he had gained his throne through treachery against his father, in collusion with a sworn enemy, Pharnaces ruled for seventeen years, and on his coinage he unashamedly uses the title 'Great King of Kings.' No other Pontic or Bosporan king had done so, and his successor, Asander (47-22 B.C.), reverted to the title 'King'. Pharnaces' portraits are modelled after those of the Macedonian king Alexander III, yet that was a tradition he inherited from his father, and it cannot necessarily be seen as an individual trait. Pharnaces is described in the ancient sources as treacherous, power-hungry and haughty. Though a Roman client king, he had inherited from his father a desire for conquest, and he invaded Asia Minor, via Colchis, while Pompey and Julius Caesar were at war. His betrayal was rewarded by Caesar with a crushing defeat at Zela in 47 B.C., after which he famously stated: "I came, I saw, I conquered." Pharnaces was allowed by Caesar to continue his rule, and his life ended only after taking the field against the rebel-successor Asander. The Romans initially opposed Asander, but Octavian soon endorsed him as king. Stylistically, Pharnaces' gold staters form a tightly knit group, and it is possible – even likely – that the same engraver produced every die for his staters. They are known only for a period of five years, dated to the years 243 to 247 of the Bithynian Era (55/4-51/0 B.C.). In their 1972 study of these staters, Golenko and Karyszkowski note: "We cannot refer to any circumstances in the internal history of the Bosporan kingdom which could be connected with the sudden appearance and then the unexpected cessation of the gold coins. ... The coins, therefore, seem to have been a mere political gesture rather than a thought-out economic enterprise." Asander was far more assertive with his coinage, issuing staters dated by his regal years rather than to the Bithynian Era; he is known to have issued them in all four of his years as Archon (1-4) and for all but four of his over twenty years as King (5-29). Please find here the video of the coin