Parma. Alessandro Farnese, 1586–1592. 2 doppie or quadrupla, AV 13.14 g. ø 30 mm. ALEX FAR PAR [ET] PLA DVX III [ET] C Armoured bust l. Rev. The Redeemer, seated r., crowns the Blessed Virgin radiated by the dove of the Holy Spirit. In exergue, P (cherub's head) S (unknown mintmaster). CNI –. Ravegnani Morosini 5 (this coin illustrated). MIR 959 (R5, this coin illustrated). Friedberg 899a. Apparently unique. A wonderful portrait of fine style, minor areas of weakness on reverse, otherwise extremely fine Ex Ratto sale 25th November 1972, Curatolo IV part 104. Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza, was one of the most prominent military commanders of late sixteenth-century Europe and served as governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578. Coins bearing his name and arms were struck in the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza during his rule. The coinage of Alessandro Farnese follows the monetary traditions of the Farnese state, combining his personal heraldry with the arms of Parma and Piacenza. Issues include gold, silver, and billon denominations, with designs typically featuring the ducal arms, a portrait or symbolic device, and Latin inscriptions identifying the duke and his titles. Farnese coinage is of particular numismatic interest because it reflects the political consolidation and dynastic ambitions of the Farnese family during a period of intense military and political activity in Italy and the Low Countries. His relatively short reign also makes coins from this period useful markers for the chronology of Farnese monetary issues. Please find here the video of the coin